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Relação Jurídica


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Na visão histórica de Savigny, relação jurídica vem a ser um vínculo entre as pessoas, em virtude do qual uma delas pode pretender algo a que a outra está obrigada.

Obs.: De ver-se que são as relações jurídicas que dão movimento ao direito, nas quais incidem as normas jurídicas, definindo os direitos e deveres dos sujeitos. A relação pode ser passageira, como no caso do contrato de transporte, ou pode ser permanente, como se dá com as relações matrimoniais. 

Requisitos configuradores

- Elemento material: Existência de uma relação intersubjetiva.

- Elemento formal: a correspondência do vínculo com uma hipótese normativa.

Elementos da Relação Jurídica

Os elementos da relação jurídica são o sujeito ativo, o passivo, o vínculo de atributividade e o objeto. O fato social e a norma jurídica não são elementos, mas pressupostos de existência da relação.

Sujeitos:
Sujeito ativo - É o portador do direito subjetivo que tem o poder de exigir do sujeito passivo o cumprimento do dever jurídico.
Sujeito passivo - É ele responsável pela obrigação principal.

Vínculo de atributividade: É o vínculo que confere a cada um dos participantes da relação o poder de pretender ou exigir algo determinado ou determinável.

Objeto: é a causa material da relação, em função do qual existe o vínculo, vez que as relações jurídicas são estabelecidas visando a um bem específico (coisa), sobre o qual recai a exigência do sujeito ativo e o dever do sujeito passivo. Ex. na relação de compra e venda tem-se por objeto a entrega da coisa. O objeto da relação jurídica recai sempre sobre um bem. Em função deste, a relação pode ser patrimonial ou não-patrimonial, conforme apresente um valor pecuniário ou não.


OBS: Objeto ≠ Conteúdo

O primeiro também chamado de objeto imediato, é a coisa sobre a qual recai o poder do sujeito ativo. Já conteúdo, ou objeto mediato, é o fim que o direito garante.

Ex.: A propriedade, o conteúdo a utilização plena da coisa e o objeto é a coisa em si.


A relação jurídica pode ser:

Simples: quando envolve apenas duas pessoas;

Plurilateral: quando mais de uma pessoa se apresenta na situação jurídica ativa ou passiva;

Relativa: quando uma pessoa ou grupo de pessoas determinadas se apresenta como sujeito passivo;

Absoluta: ocorre quando a coletividade como todo se afigura como sujeito passivo da relação. É o que ocorre com o direito de propriedade, com os direitos personalíssimos, nos quais todas as pessoas têm o dever de respeitá-los;

De subordinação ou de direito público: ocorre quando o Estado participa da relação como sujeito ativo, impondo seu imperium;

De coordenação ou de direito privado: quando é integrada por particulares em um plano de igualdade, podendo o Estado dela participar sem se investir do poder de imperium.

Espécies de Relação Jurídica:

- Relação pessoal, onde o objeto é a pessoa. Ex: Poder familiar.

- Obrigacionais, o objeto é a prestação. Ex.: contrato de compra e venda.

- Reais, o objeto é uma coisa. Ex.: a propriedade.    

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